OAuth (Open Authorization) is a widely adopted authorization framework that allows applications to grant limited access to their resources without exposing user credentials. OAuth allows users to authenticate third-party applications without sharing passwords, instead using tokens to authorize access to protected resources. While OAuth is a powerful and flexible authorization protocol, improper implementation can lead...
SAML: Fundamentals, Use Cases, Exploits, and Best Practices
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is an XML-based framework for transmitting authentication and authorization data between an identity provider (IdP) and a service provider (SP). It’s widely used in Single Sign-On (SSO) implementations, allowing users to authenticate once and access multiple applications without repeatedly entering credentials. In this blog, we’ll explore the fundamentals of SAML,...
Windows Privilege Escalation Fundamentals: Techniques, Preparation, and Mitigation
Windows privilege escalation is a critical area of concern for system administrators and cybersecurity professionals. If an attacker gains access to a low-privileged account, the ultimate goal is to escalate privileges to higher levels, often aiming for SYSTEM or Administrator privileges. In this blog, we will cover the fundamentals of Windows privilege escalation, the different...
A Comprehensive Overview of SEBI’s Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience Framework (CSCRF)
In the face of increasing cyber threats and the criticality of robust IT systems for the financial ecosystem, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has introduced the Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience Framework (CSCRF). This initiative is a leap forward in ensuring that SEBI-regulated entities (REs) are fortified against cybersecurity risks, aligning them with...
Linux Privilege Escalation Fundamentals: Understanding Linux Privileges and Exploitation Techniques
Linux is a powerful and flexible operating system, widely used in servers, desktops, and embedded devices. Due to its open-source nature, it has become a prime target for attackers looking to gain unauthorized access to privileged system functions. One of the critical objectives for any attacker who has compromised a system is to escalate privileges,...
Understanding the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: A Comprehensive Analysis
In the digital age, personal data has become a valuable asset, leading to increased concerns about privacy and data security. Recognizing the need to protect individuals’ digital personal data, the Government of India enacted the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) on August 11, 2023. This legislation aims to balance the rights of...
The Emergence of AI-Powered Cyber Threats: Challenges and Defenses
As technology continues to evolve, so do the threats facing cybersecurity. One of the most significant developments in this realm is the rise of AI-aided cyber threats. These threats leverage the capabilities of artificial intelligence to enhance the speed, scale, and sophistication of attacks, making them more challenging to detect and mitigate. While AI has...
Exploring the Flipper Zero: A Powerhouse Tool for Physical Penetration Testing
In the world of penetration testing and physical security assessments, having the right tools is critical for evaluating real-world vulnerabilities. One tool that has gained significant attention in recent years is the Flipper Zero. This compact, multi-functional device has quickly become a favorite among security professionals, hackers, and technology enthusiasts. Known for its versatility, the...
Build Your Own WiFi Hacking Device under $10 Using ESP32
In the world of cybersecurity, penetration testing tools are essential for identifying vulnerabilities in wireless networks. One such tool is the WiFi deauthentication tool, which can be used for various educational and testing purposes to assess the security of WiFi networks. In this blog, we’ll explain the concept of deauthentication attacks, the role of ESP32...
A Comprehensive Guide to Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) for Applications
In today’s digital era, applications form the backbone of most businesses, from e-commerce platforms to enterprise-level solutions. However, as businesses grow reliant on technology, they become prime targets for cybercriminals. To mitigate these risks, it is crucial to implement effective security measures, and one of the best ways to safeguard applications is through Vulnerability Assessment...